Aircraft antenna



Feb- 6, 1945- PQ c. SQANDRETTY ETA| 2,368,618

AIRCRAFT ANTENNA Filed April 15, 1942 v y kI5. Sheets-'Sheet -1 Fel). 6, I SANDETTO E-l-AL I 2,368,618 y AIRCRAFT ANTENNA FiledApril 15, 1942 z sheets-Sheena Feb 6, 1945 P; c. SANDETTO Erl-AL' A 2,368,618

AIRCRAFT ANTENNA i Filed April `15, '1942 3 shetssneet s* i Patented Feb. c, 1945 Peter C; Sandretto, Chicago,

Berwyn lll.

4 Claims.

This invention relates to antenna structures, more particularly to aircraft antennas ladapted and Bruce E. Mont- Minors vto United Air Lines, Inc., a corporation of Delaware Application April it, 1942, serial No. 439,034

(o1. 25o-31s) for the reception of ultra-high-frequencyvradio signals, and the invention hasfor an object the provision of an antenna of this character for use in: systems employing'plane vpolarized elec-,- tromagnetic waves.

While the particular embodiment of the invention described herein is intended for the reception of horizontally polarized electromagnetic waves from an aircraft radio range or beacon, the invention is not limited thereto but may also be employed in antenna structures for. systems utilizing vertically polarized waves. structures have heretofore been proposed wherein 4a loop type antenna is provided for use with ultra high frequencies on the order of magnitude of 100 megacycles, which loop is responsive only to horizontally polarized waves and embodies broad band characteristics. Such antenna structures, however, have not been found entirely satisfactory for aircraft mounting because of the distortion of the antenna n eld pattern which is effected by the aircraft structure itself. easy reference, the distortion effect produced by the aircraft structure will be referred to herein as the free space field pattern of the aircraft. and

` this eld pattern, while not directly measureable,

may be readily derived. by dividing out the free space pattern of the antenna from the resultant pattern of the aircraft-mounted antenna. i

It is the usual practice, particularly in the com- A mercial operation of aircraft, to supply guidance and directive control to the aircraft by means of lradio stations which. are located on the ground and which have certain directive characteristics. As the aircraft moves from place to place, it receives from these ground stations, signals of varying characteristics or intensities, and the pilot o f the aircraft is thus able to determine from the signal characteristic or intensity the position of his Antenna For purposes of airplane. It will of course be appreciated that,`

if the receiving antenna on the aircraft also'has a directional characteristic, the received signals will change in accordance with the heading-of the aircraft even though the position ofthe aircraft does not change. It is, therefore, of extreme importance that the receiving antenna on the aircraft be substantially nondirectional in 4order that the received signal will truly indicate the position 'of the aircraft.A Y Particular instances wherein the provision of nondirectional receiving .antennas is of primary importance are found in instrument landing systems operating'at mtrahighfrequencies where- For a more complete in suitable marker beams are employed, and the glide path utilized for guiding the aircraft to its landing comprises a uniform intensity path vand in radio range beacons operating at similarlfrequencies. It is a further object of this inven-v tion to provide an ultra-high-frequency antenna ofthe above (character having substantially nondirectional characteristics when mounted on an raircraftor similar nonuniform conducting Surface. A

Incarrying out the invention in one' form, the free space field pattern of the aircraft itself, due to the metallic structure ofthe aircraft, is determined at the frequencies involved, and the'antenna to be mounted on the aircraft is constructed so as to provide a free space -field pattern therefor which is distorted from a substantially circular nondirectional pattern in accordance with the predetermined pattern of the aircraft. The thus constructed antenna is mounted on the aircraft in a position suchvthat it will lie-capable of receiving, with a minimum of interference, a sig- `nal originating from a. ground station, and in ka position suchthat the respective'free space patterns. of the aircraft and the antenna combine to producea resultant antenna pattern that is substantially nondirectionai.

In constructing the antenna in the preferred form of the invention, a plurality of loop sections v which constitute the radiating or .receiving elements, preferably in the form of strip conductors having an electrical length lessgthan onequarter wave length. are iixedly. mounted in endto-end relation to form a loop which is shaped so that, when uniformk current Adistribution exists in the loop sections, a partially distorted field pattern results and loading means are arranged to couple the spaced ends of the loop sections, the loading means being adjusted to vary the current distribution so as further to distort the eld pattern. Thus a suitably distortedfield pattern may o be obtained which, when combined with the field pattern of the aircraft by properly mounting the antenna. thereon, produces a resultant pattern which provides a substantially uniform response or fleid intensity in all critical directions. f 1

Y derstandins of this invention, reference should .now be had to the drawings, in which:

Fig. l is a somewhat diagrammatic illustration l ofv anv instrument landing system to which the present invention is particularly applicable:

Fig. 2 is a diagrammatic representation of a, i of the typeto' which Apresent invention relates:

` the respective field patterns.

eld patterns which may be obtained in accordance with the principles of this invention by varying the current distribution in the antenna structenna illustrated in Fig.

Fig. y'7 is a fragmentary detail view taken along the line 1-1 of Fg.\5;

Fig. 8 is a similar view taken substantially along the line 8-8 of Fis. 5;

Fig. 9 is a fragmentary sectional view taken substantially along the line 9-9 of Fig. 5;.

Fig. 10 is a detail view of the transmission line which extends through the supporting mast for the antenna as shown in Fig. 6;

Fig. 11 is a partial view of a :well known type of transport aircraft withthe antenna of Figs. 5 and 6 mounted thereon;

Fig. l2 is a fragmentary side view of the air craft and antenna shown in Fig. l1; and

Fig. 13 is a field strength diagram illustrating the general character of the distorted free space field pattern produced by the antenna oi' Figs.

5 and 6, the distorting iield pattern ofthe aircraft, and the' resultant substantially constant response pattern obtained `with the antenna mounted on the aircraft. the field in the direction of a headon signal being taken as unity in each case in order to facilitate comparison of Referring rst to Figs. l lto 4, inclusive; o f the drawings, which serve .to illustrate the funda mental principles involved in the practice of the present invention, there is shown in Fig.,1'an instrument landing system' wherein an aircraft is adapted to be guided to its landing on a runway i0 by. means of glide -path signals transmitted from a ground radio station Il located at a considerable distance to one side ofthe runway. As will be understood by those skilled in the art, such a location of the transmitting station is, in'most cases, necessaryin order to provide for proper control of the constant potential glide path.

If it is assumed that the approaching aircraft l 2, the various positions of which are indicated by the reference numerals I2a, I2b, and I2C, is Droy vided 'with a known type of antenna having a substantially nondirectional pattern.. and that the, aircraft itself has, a distorting neld pattern of the general configuration indicated-by the dot and dash line 2l of Fig. 13, the resultant field pattern of the antenna when mounted on the aircraft kl2 will be of the same general connsuaation as is illustratedliy the line 25, the resultant being equal to the product of the eld'pattern,

' 28 and the constant radius'pattern of the nondirectional antenna. It will thus be apparent .foils e 2,368,018 f' Fig. 3 is a diagram showing various antenna craft or a signal received at right angles to the heading.y Furthermore, reception of a signal coming directly toward the tail will be received ing the position |20. atwhich it first picks up the vsubstantially along the major axis of the anglide path signals, will receive the signals at anangle a, which angle' will gradually change as the airplane proceeds to the position lib until the signals vare being received at an angle b, the angle continuing to increase until at position iZc vthle angle of reception is equal to the anglel c. With the above indicated resultant field pattern, the reception at any substantial angle to the heading of the aircraft is of course greater than the head-on reception, and consequently, as the aircraft moves from the position i2a to position |211, the intensity of the signal increases even though the plane is following the constant .potential glide path. The pilot at the position iZb would thus receive a too high signal that would lead him to believe that his aircraft was flying above the constant` potential glide path. and .consequently he would immediately increase the angle of glide or otherwise manipulate the controis to permit the airplane to drop down. At the'position i2c a much greater too high" signal would be received. and because of the erroneous .impression thus imparted to the pilot, satisfactory landings of aircraft, having receiving antennas of the character indicated, have heretofore been dimcult of accomplishment if not substantially impossible.

In accordance with the principles of this invention, however, the antenna structure 'is so designed and is so correlated with the aircraft as to provide anal resultant iield pattern which has substantially nondirectional characteristics and which ,will receive a constant intensity signal withsubstantially constant intensity, regardlessv of the direction of the transmitting station relative to the aircraft. In order to accomplish this result, the field pattern of the antenna itself is so predistorted that itnwill, when subjected to the distortion effected by the irregular metallic structure ofthe aircraft, produce a field pattern which approaches a substantially circular shape. Two factors which are employed to control the predistortion of the antenna ileld pattern in accordance with this invention are the current distribution in the radiating or receiving elements f the antenna and the physical shape of the antenna loop. 1 y In Fig. 2 there is shown somewhat diagrammatically an antenna structure of the general Y as constitutingvtransmission lines. they may of that a signal coming directly head-ontoward the I mission une n.

type to which this invention is applicable, which antenna comprises a plurality of looposections Il, Il, il, and l! disposed in substantially endto-end relation'with th` adjacent ends oi' the vsectior'is Il andl i4 and thesections II and Il, respectively, terminating inl sections Il and Il .which constitute loading means for the loop formed by the radiating or receiving loop sections.; Although these loading means are shown course be replaced by eondensers or Vother suitable loading' means. As shown in 2, the adjacent `ends-ofsthe sections Il and I5 and the sections Il and" II are connected by a transposed tie line Il from -which the connection to the recelver is made by means of a suitable trans- Y As will be hereinafter explained in connection with the preferred physical emp y astenia bodiment of this invention, a suitable capacif tance may also be coupled between the adjacent ends of the loop sections I4 and I3 for the purare shown as being shaped to provide a substantially circular loop, and it has been' found that, by properly adjusting the lengths of the transwill beobtained. By shortening the transmission line elementsIl and I8, the points of maximum current may be reversely shifted to ap' proximately the points I 3e to |62, inclusive, which will result in a iield pattern substantially as in- 'dlcated by the reference numeral 23 in Fig. 3.

Thus, by controlling the loading of the loop sec,- tions so as to vary the current distribution therein, the resulting field pattern may be adjusted as desired between the extreme 'congurations illustrated by the numerals 22 and 23 -in Fig. 3.

While in some cases the desired distorted field pattern may be obtained merely'by varying the mission lines Il and I8, the current distribuloading of the antenna loop sections,deiinite limitations on the amount of variation of the loading that is permissible are imposed by the de- 1' sirability of maintaining the broad band characteristics of the antenna. Consequently, in accordance with the-principlesof this invention, further predistortion of the antenna pattern, beyond the permissible predistortion obtained by the loading, is obtained by varying the shape of the loop from a circular configuration. Attempts to obtain all of the desired predistortion simply by physical distortion of a uniformly loaded loop. would involve dilculties in cases where a large predistortion is necessary due to .the fact that the area of the loop having a i'lxed perimeter wouldthus be Areduced so as to decrease the loop eiciency. y

In- Fig. 4 there is shown, for example, an antenna structurev 24 which is electrically similar to the antenna structure illustrated in Fig. 2 but which is modiied to provide an elongated physical shape which will in' itself cause distortion of the eld pattern, and it will be found that, if a current distribution Asimilar to that indicated bythe points |31: to |61: in Fig. 2 is employed in the antenna 24 ofFig. 4, a resultant field pat-f tern similar to that indicated by' the reference numeralv22 in Fig. 3 will -be obtained.

Referring now to the preferred physical embodiment of the invention illustrated in Figs. 5 to lll, inclusive, the antenna is shown as mounting and attractive appearance, and is preferably of a modiiied airfoil shape, substantially as shown in Figs. 5 and '6; v The loop antenna, which is enclosed within the housing, comprises a plurality of loop sections 33, 34, 35, and 36 which, in order to provide low characteristic impedance, are preferably in the4 n These conducform of strip type conductors. tors are of an electrical length less than onequarter wavelength at the frequencies at which the antenna is designed to operate and are shaped, as shown, so that when mounted in spaced-apart end-to-end relation they constitute a loop structure. As shown best in Fig. 9, each ofthe loop sections 33 to'35, inclusive, is provided at its inner edge with an upstanding flanged portion, such as 35a, so that the sections are substantially L-shaped, and each of the loop sections is rigidly secured to the lower housing portion 3| by suitable spacer elements 31 andscrews 33. The provision of strip type flanged conductors, such as the L-shaped cross section shown, for forming the loop sections of the antenna, results in a low impedance structure having great rigidity and a maximum area relative to the available space within the housing.

Although maximum utilization of the space would require that the sections 34 and 33 be so shaped as substantially to follow the configuration of the housing, such a 'configuration does ends. Inasmuch as the coupling means employed at these two points, as shown in the drawings, are identical, only the coupling means between the sections 33 and 34, as shown in detail in Fig. 7, will be described.

."Referring to Fig. '7, the'ends of the sections 33 and 34 are rigidly secured together by an insu,- lating plate 39, anda vconducting plate 40 is adjustably secure by suitable screwsM and a conducting spacer to the section 33 in spaced relation to the section 34. ing plate 40 is'provided with elongated slots 42 y (Fig. 5) for receiving the screws 4|, and the conducting spacer 43 serves to connect the conducting plate 40 to, the lsection 33 with the free end of the plate 40 extending in overlapping relation with the section 34 in order to providea condenser. In ordercto .adjust the loading of the antenna, it is necessary only to adjust the position of theconducting plate 40 so vas to vary the degree of overlapping between this plate and the loop section 34.

ed in a housing of non-conducting material com prising an upper portion 30, a complementary lower portion 3|, and a supporting mast or post 32 the lowerend of which is adapted to be secured to a surface or the aircraft and the upper end of which is suitably secured to the housing portion 3|. '.The housing formed by the housing portions 3l and 3| is 4designed to provide a pleas- I he adjacent end s of the sections 34 and 36, as shown best in Fig. 8, are connected by an in s ulating spacer 45 which is rigidly secured by suitable screws 46 to thevrespective ends of the sections 34 and l3|i, and the capacitative loading and. coupling means at this point comprises a' I pair of substantially L-shaped conductor plates 48 and 4 9 which engage the section 34 arid 36 in conductive relation and which are disposed inv spaced relation to each other. Each of the plates 48 and 43 is provided with elongated slots 50 (Fig. 5) through which the screws 46 extend and As shown, the conductf as eaeie which permit adjustment of the plates Il and 4l toward and away from each other to vary the` coupling between the sections and 38 and thus the loading' of the antenna. Preferably, the capacity of the various loading and coupling means is so proportioned as to impart to the antenna structure a broad band characteristic, and the permissible adjustment of these loading means for the purpose of predistorting the eld pattern of thel antenna is preferably maintained within such llimits as not to affect these broad band characteristics.- i

means of a transposed tie line, which is illustrated in Figs. 5 and 6 as comprising a pair of strip type 'conductors .52 and Il, the right-hand end of the conductor 52 being connectedasshown to'the `flange on the loop section Il and the corresponding end of the conductor 63 being connected to the flange on the loop section 36. At their oppo site ends the conductors l2 and 53 are connected,

Il' and 3l respectively,` which sections are rigidly secured to a suitable insulating spacer 5I. In,-

termediate its ends, at a point so determined as to A l Connection of the antenna structure to the radio translating apparatus is accomplished by 6 of low wing aircraft, inasmuch asunder thedictates of modern design all -aircraft of this typ have a generally similar silhouette and result in a generally similar distorting field pattern. Thus is has been found that the antenna of Figs. 5

1 and 6 operates satisfactorily on other specific designs of .low wing two-motor aircraft, and also upon similar four-motor aircraft. i In locating the antenna on the aircraft, various factors must be taken into account. In the first l5 piace. it is essential that the antenna be located substantially on the lonsitudinal axis of symmetr'y oi' the aircraft, as otherwise the antenna structure must be designed for distortion of the ileld pattern with respect to both horizontal axes 0 which would necessarily increase `the costl and by suitably crossed flexible 'conductors 54, to the i spaced-apart adjacent ends' of the loop sections maintain the broad band characteristics of the antenna structure, in accordance with'previously a Vknown principles, 'the transposed tie b,line ycom prising the conductors Il and Il is connected to a suitable l'transmission line I8 which extends through a suitable aperture in the lower housing mast I2. As shown best in Fig. l0, this transmission line4 li includes a-shilding member'll ,having mounted thereon, and secured thereto by suitable insulators, a pairof spaced conductors 58. Adjacent their upper ends the conductors receiver without excessive mismatch over the broad band of-freouenciesfor which the antenna ls-deslgned to operate. l 4

In the field strength diagrams of Fig. 13, the

.member ll and downwardly through the hollow.

- are closely lspaced in order to provide an"imped- 40 ance transforming section enabling the low im. Avpedanceanten'na to be connected to the radio broken line pattern 6i represents a distorted free space pattern -which maybe obtained with an antenna of the type shown in Figs. 5 and 6. It

not follow either the physical configuration of 1 ternsshownin Fig. 3 for certain loadings of circular' antennas, but instead the pattern 8i is a `As heretofore indicated, the proper location of the structure on the aircraft, so as to combin 4'in the desired vmanner the prdistorted free snace-patternoffthe antenna and the distorting 'free-space pattern of the aircraft, consti' tutes axiimportant-featureo'f this invention, and

in FigsJul-l-and 12, the-antenna' structure of Figs.

A5 and .6 is identified bylth'e reference numeral Il and is shown mounted on an aircraft I! which is 05 of a well known *inasmuch as Amodern air? craft structures to a large lextent ized. it is necessary in the-practiced this inv'en'f tion to compromisetheoreticalv l to the location of the antenna4 with the lished aircraft d esign'practice.'

'rne pai-nemer. n n-erm is shown' :in :I Piss. 11.and12 is a twohmotor airplane-'oi the low having a silhouette such aai! dlliramthe antenna loop or any of the illustrative pat-` :win be observed that this free space pattern docs.` '5 substantially su conventional aircraft the pilota escape hatch is vlocated in thaforward portion of ently the most addifficulties of design. 'While the antenna may be mounted either on anupper or a lower surface of the aircraft, it. has been found desirable in most cases to mount the antenna on the upper surface.

as finis is' due to the feet that instrument landing systems,4 for which .the antenna is particularly designed, require that the antenna be positioned at the maximum possible-height. Where the antenna is intended only for localiser systems, it

oftheaircraft 30 may oi' course be mounted on the' undersurface Mounting the antenna on the upper surface of the-aircraft givesrise'to certain dimculties. as will be apparent uponinspection of Figs. 1l

35 and 12;' Qne factor which must be considered is the shielding effect' which may be encountered due tenne nose stmeture er the airpiane, aa it is consequently desirable to mount `lthe antenna structure yas far forward as possible in order shadow." While fromthe theoretical standpoint "nose shadow could best be avoided by mountving the antenna on` the forward portion of the-v noseof the airplane, lsuch a locationv would not 45 be satisfactory-since itrwould materially obscure 'the cabin top, and co l l vantageous point of mounting remaining for the antenna is. as4 illustrated in Fig. 12, directly bes distortedv pattern 'which is the resultant 01' the; 55 mnd the escapenaten n. the height 0f themantenna yshape and the antenna loading.

tenna mast being suillcient to support the antenna loop in. a position such' that the nose shadow?? effect will be eliminated or substantially' minl- '18.' and Il from' an aluxninum'-alloy.v having an Bl'eftrical conductivity suhtllltall'y equal to that of aluminum, the-string" forming the loop sections .seing ,051" inmune mma" in width, wunsectionspwereso spacedfasto' provide f( spaces between thesections and u" and the sections n and L Il. and-to provide 1": :meer netween un sections I! and ll and vthc-sections and 88. Thesections Il 'and Il were each arcuately formed on 'an outer-'radius of 9%'.'gto subtend `an angle u or '10 measured from centerlino'to centerline of v matically indicated toplist. i and i3. Although the spacesabcvo referred tc. "mesectiens 84 to avoid the etfect commonly known as nose In a spccinc physical embodiment of the invcn- ,constructed by' forming the loop 'sections 33,y 3 4.

and 38 were formedwith arcuate right-hand end portions having an outer radius of 7%" about a center spaced 61%" to the right of the center of curvature of the sections 33 and .35. Thus the overall dimensions of the loop constituting `this physical embodiment of the invention were approximately 33H" along the major dimension of the loop, and approximately 19%, along the maximum transverse dimension.l

The condenser plates 40 were formed'of material similar to thefloop sections and of the same thickness and were 1%" in width and 1%" in length. The spacers 43 were located ush with the end edgesv of the sections 33 and 35 and were approximately tls" in thickness, the plates belng mounted thereon with the free ends of the plates extending approximately 1%" beyond the spacers 43 in overlappingv relation with the sections 38 and 36. In this same physical embodiment of the invention the condenser plates 48 and 69 were provided with upstanding portions in height, and were adjusted to provide a gap therebetween of approximately i. extending equally on each side of the centerline'of the loop.

As previously indicated, the free space pattern of anantenna of the type shown in Figs. 5'and 6 is identie'd by the reference numeral 6| in Fig. i3. Such an antenna when mounted in the position above described on an airplane of the type such as is shown in Figs. l1 and 12, which airplane produces a distorting pattern substantially of the character indicated by the dot and dash line 26 in Fig. 13,l will produce a substantially nondirectional neld pattern such as is represented by the heavy line 65 in Fig. 13. It will be observed that the Aresultant neld pattern represented by the line 55 in Fig. 13 approaches a circular shape more closely than does the ileld pattern 26, which,

r as above indicated, represents either the free space pattern of the aircraft itself or thevresultant field pattern of a non-directionalxantenna mounted on the aircraft. In the two upper quadrants the maximum points in the pattern 26, which occur approximately 331/3 and 80 on each side of the head-on position, are considerably reduced in the pattern 65. This ofl course is of eritical importance in instrument landing sys- Likewise, the minimum points, which occur in the two lower quadrants of the pattern 26 in the direction of the tail of the '.aircraft, have been so compensated for in the pattern 65-that` the pattern directly at the tail position will be substantially unity, thus to achieve substantially uniform reception of radio range signals whether the aircraft is' flying directly toward or directly away from a ground transmitting station. Experiments carried out with antenna structures embodying this invention establish that the variations vfrom a true circle, which are indicated in the pattern 65, fen weu within permissible operating limits,'and thus from an operating standpoint the resultant pattern may be considered a substantially uniform-response pattern or a nondirectional pattern. Measurements taken duringsuch experiments indicate that the greatest variation occurring in either a maximum or minimum direction with antennas embodying the principles of the invention as above explainedv is 0n the order 'of 1% to 2 decibels. Thus, by the principles herein discussed and in accordance .with vthis invention, an aircraft-mounted antenna having broad band characteristics is obtained which vis capable of. receiving horizontally polarized, ultra-high-frequency electromagnetic waves and' which has a substantially nondirectional fleld pattern.

Although the loop sections 33, 34, 35, and 36 in the preferred embodiment shown are illustrated as being nxedly mounted and the various loading means are shown as being adjustable in order to vary the electrical relation of the antenna loop sections, it may be desirable in some cases to -mount some or all of the loop sections for relative movement and to provide loading means of iixed value, in which case the iinal adjustment of the electrical relation of the loop elements and `consequently the desired predistortlon of the field pattern may be obtained by adjusting the relatively movable loop sections.

While a particular embodiment of this invention has been shown, it will be understood, of course, that the invention is not limited thereto `since many modiiications may be made, and it 4cal shape to provide a field pattern distorted from a nondirectional pattern, means including conducting plates mounted in spaced relation to some Y of said ends for capacitatively coupling and for loading said sections, means for adjustably posi-- tioning said plates to vary the current distribution in said sections and further distort the field pattern of said antenna, and means including ya transposed tie line extending along an axis of symmetry of said loop and a transmission line connected thereto for connecting said loop to a translating device.

2. An ultra-high-frequency antenna comprising a plurality of loopsections, means rigidly mounting said sections with the ends of each section in predetermined spaced relation to the ends of adjacent sections thereby to form a loop, said loop having a physical shape to provide a field pattern distorted from a nondirectional pattern, loading means coupling at least some of said ends comprising a conducting plate' connected to one section and capacitatively associated with the spaced end of an adjacent section, and means 'for adjustably mounting said plate for longitudinal movement relative to said sections t'o vary the current distribution in said sections an'd further vary the ileld pattern of' said antenna, and p a physical shape to provide a free space field pattern distorted from a nondirectional pattern partially to compensate for the distorting effect of said nonuniform surface, loading means coupling said spaced ends 'and providing ,a broad band characteristic rior said loop, means for adjusting said loading means rto vary thecurrent distri-bution in. said 4sections and distort the distorted said antenna thereby to compensate further for said distorting enect of said surface and `provide a iinal substantially nondirectional pattern, said adjusting means being limited to a .range oi' adiustment wherein said broad band characteristic adjacent ends of said sections being spaced apart. said loop having a phvsicai shape to provide a .free space field pattern distorted from a nonl a,'ses,e1e ,l 'free space iieid pattern provided 5y the shape of coupling said spaced ends. means'includins a transposed tie line extendingaiong an axis o1' symmetry' o! said loop and a .transmission line connected thereto for connecting said loop to a translating device, said-last-mentioned means and y said loading means providing a broad band antenna characteristic. and means for adjusting said loading means to vary the current ciistribuf directional pattern to compensate partially rior the distorting eilect o! the aircraft. loading means is maintained.

tion in said sections distort'the distorted free space pattern provided bythe shape oi said antenna thereby to compensate further for said distorting eiiect ot said aircraft and provide a iinal substantially -nondirectional pattern, said ad- Justine means being limited 'to a range of adjustment wherein said broad b and characteristic Pm c., sANDRE'rro. I Bauen E. Monmonmnr. 

